The Impact of Videoconferencing in Organizations Essay -- Videoconfere

The Impact of Videoconferencing in Organizations This report investigations the different impacts of videoconferencing, both positive and negative, and assesses its value in associations. One of the significant purposes of conversation is the way up close and personal gatherings, regardless of whether virtual or physical, have been influenced by the grasping of this new innovation by different associations and gatherings. Because of the extreme nature wherein customary gatherings and arrangements have been tested by videoconferencing, numerous issues have emerged with respect to its application, similar to whether video-conferencing really improves correspondence? Another significant conversation includes the cost-sparing advantages to associations, basically through lessening travel, and how this influences associations deliberately just as different businesses (for example inns, aircrafts). Since numerous associations currently contend and convey globally, this possible end of movement for agents and ladies has extensive outcomes . This paper looks to investigate these and different issues utilizing three significant topics: ICTs have sudden and dumbfounding impacts, expenses and advantages of ICTs are unevenly dispersed all through associations and society, and ICTs and socio-specialized setting are co-delivered. Presentation AND SUMMARY Videoconferencing is a rising innovation which empowers individuals from any area, with the suitable arrangement of gear, to speak with one another in a virtual ‘face-to-face’ way. The effect of videoconferencing on associations has been broad, with the impacts of this innovation developing as it turns out to be more easy to understand and the expense of hardware diminishes. As a promising innovative development, videoconferencing has just had ongoing effects upon certain associations. From a positive viewpoint videoconferencing has allowed things like reductions in costs, more prominent adaptability, and elevated vital chances. By and by, alert should in any case be applied to videoconferencing, similar to any new gadget, with concern presently rising in regards to the negative outcomes of such innovation. These broaden such a large number of territories for instance connection, mental results, and group elements. POSITIVE OUTCOMES An essential effect of videoconferencing is that it permits more individuals to direct work from home. This has numerous ramifications, for example, lessening the degrees of trav... ...ay, Sarah. ‘The universe of email and videoconferencing has its focal points and disadvantages’. Money related Times. 5/6/02, p.3 17.     Narraway, Gwyn. ‘Take back the power’. Contracted Accountants Journal of New Zealand, Volume 82 No5: 58, 2003 18.     Neuman, Scott. ‘Executives on a leash’. Far Eastern Economic Review, Volume 166 No.27: 35, 2003 19.     Powell, Dave. ‘Videoconferencing: A savvy strategy’. PC World, Volume 32 No28: 63-68, 1999 20.     Rosen, Sheir. ‘Keeping innovation in its place’. Correspondence World, Volume 11 No6: 56, 1994 21.     Schneider, Ivan. ‘Videoconferencing a hit in China’. Bank Systems and Technology, Volume 40 No2: 12, 2003 22.     Vine, Phillipa. ‘A meeting of minds’. The British Journal of Administrative Management, Volume 7 No4 12-13, 1999 23.     Whittaker, Steve. ‘Rethinking video as an innovation for relational correspondences: hypothesis and plan implications’. Universal Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Volume 42 No5: 501-529, 1995 24.     Wong, Edward. ‘Even After Sars Airlines Suffer On Asian Routes’. New York Times. 12/8/03. p.4 25.     Zielinski, Dave. ‘Face Value’. Introductions, Volume 14 No6: 58-70, 2000

Vacant Chapter 9 Love Free Essays

The words are ringing in my ears: â€Å"I love you.† It happens to me I may have misheard. It’s the main conceivable clarification. We will compose a custom exposition test on Empty Chapter 9 Love or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now â€Å"So, you’re alright? Don’t tune in to those young ladies, Emily.† I’ll simply imagine those three little words aren’t lingering palpably †whether or not they were really said. â€Å"Ethan, did you hear what I just said?† What do I say? I have no clue how to move toward this, so I simply gaze at her wide-peered toward. After a couple of seconds, I feel warmth crawling up my thigh and understand its Emily’s hand. From the start, it’s an endeavor to stand out enough to be noticed, however as her hand climbs, I understand the goal isn't so guiltless. â€Å"We need to go. It’s time to go,† I state, unnatural, similar to Rain Man discussing his Kmart clothing. I grasp the guiding wheel for dear life in such a case that I don’t, the vehicle and my life will go lurching into the chasm. I’ve invested this energy persuading myself that Emily and I would be nothing however companions. Realizing that she may feel the equivalent about me as I feel about her will confuse things, and I out of nowhere feel caught. It’s so calm as we drive, that I hear a little plinking that would go unnoticed something else, however as I close to the duplex, the sound the vehicle is making increments. I quickly wonder if it’s on the grounds that the plink is deteriorating or the calm is simply so extraordinary. I give careful consideration to discover the birthplace of the plinking before putting such a large number of more miles on the vehicle. I ought to consider the lady sitting close to me and her ongoing revelation rather than little pings, however I’m not†¦ I can’t. On the off chance that I do†¦ no. I can’t think. I’m not even sure how I arrive, however I’m sitting in my bed, having a contention with myself. It’s nothing unexpected that I’m winning. â€Å"She disclosed to you she cherishes you.† â€Å"She says she wants to cook. She cherishes loads of things.† â€Å"She’s in there and you’re in here.† â€Å"You truly need to clean the roof fan blades.† I can’t help yet feign exacerbation at myself. At the point when I at long last leave my room, the condo is dull and calm. Emily is sleeping on the sofa with a tight hold on the covers. Much to her dismay she’s holding at my heart a similar way. The journal as an afterthought table gets my attention, and I can’t help however sneak. As I close to it, I see there are a few wads of paper thronw over the floor †disposed of in light of the fact that they weren’t great. The top piece, despite everything sticking to life in its winding ties, is immaculate. Dear Ethan †Plunking down to compose this, I’ve never felt more like a little youngster than I do well at this point. For as long as two years, I’ve took a gander at you consistently with the expectation that some time or another †you’d feel for me, what I feel for you. However, presently I see that we see various things with respect to our relationship. Possibly it could be characterized on my part as legend adore, however I’d like to think I’m more brilliant than that. I think I know the contrast among fascination and love. I know there is a distinction in our ages, however what difference does it make? My heart has no clue how old your heart is. I simply realize that on the off chance that I don’t let you know, it will rot inside me, and I’ll die in some horrible, nightmarish way. I’ve just at any point cherished my mother and never truly realized what it resembled to think about someone else until I met you. I didn’t begin to look all starry eyed at you that first day, however after numerous long stretches of figuring out how to value your consideration and concern, I could perceive how kind your spirit †your entire being is. That’s when I knew another sort of affection existed. It isn’t the kind of affection between relatives, or a smash, yet a genuine romance that is unrestricted and enduring, an adoration that I can not stow away anymore. I know you likely don’t return these emotions, however I couldn’t go one more second without you knowing. I comprehend in the event that it makes you awkward, and I’ll discover somewhere else to live in the event that you feel like we can never again be companions. Love consistently, Emily I firmly grip the scratch pad page in my grasp. How might she do this to me? Doesn’t she know what she’s done? No†¦ it’s not right. Not at the present time, and with no further contemplations, I’m out the entryway. Step by step instructions to refer to Vacant Chapter 9 Love, Essay models

Introducing the Class of 2013 Terence 13

Introducing the Class of 2013 Terence 13 Today, we continue the series Introducing the Class of 2013: Terence 13 (today) Christy 13 Augusta Student From Local Housing Project Heads To M.I.T By Fraendy Clervaud WJBF News Channel 6 Reporter June 4, 2009 Its very parents dream for their child to graduate high school and to get accepted into a great college. Sometimes this dream can seem out of reach because of where family lives, but is that always true? Count on WJBF News Channel 6s Fraendy Clervaud. He has the story. Augusta, GAIts packing day for 17-year-old Terence Dalbert. The summer is here, but hes not going on vacation. Instead, hes getting ready for summer classes at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Terence Dalbert, M.I.T.-bound: Its going to be hard leaving my family. Im going to a whole other area. Graduating with a 4.0 GPA, and getting an 1850 SAT score, Terence was this years valedictorian at Lucy C. Laney High School. He plans to major in electrical and computer engineering at MIT. Terence Dalbert: I always loved math, its always been my favorite subject. Science is my second favorite. Putting those two together, its basically what engineering is. But, hes quick to tell you it was not always easy. Thats because Terence and his family live in Underwood Homes. Its an Augusta housing project plagued by crime. Fraendy Clervaud, reporting: According to the Richmond County Sheriffs Office reports, theyve received 416 violent crime cases for Underwood Homes within the past two years. The Augusta Housing Authority tells us about 450 people live here. So if you do t he math thats about one crime per person. Terence Dalbert: People have broken into our house a few times and have stolen some things. So, thats the personal experience, and Ive heard gun shots. You know, theres alot of adversity to deal with, but Ive pushed through it. Im not going to let anything stop me. Terences father says, despite living in the projects, he did all that he could to make sure his children did not end up on the wrong path. Ian Dalbert, Terences father: Just because you live in Underwood Homes doesnt mean you have to be a certain way, I have to be a fighter, sell drugs, I have to use drugs, show them that you can be smart. Lynnor Dalbert, Terences mother: Im going to miss him. Its going to be real hard, but at the same time, Im real proud of him.

The Cyclical Politics of Graphic Design Essay - 1785 Words

The history of graphic art and the cycle of politicization, depoliticization and then repoliticization span the late 19th century through and into the 21st century. Evolving from humble beginnings into the commercial behemoth it’s become to today this essay will explore graphic design’s evolution and the politics that affected this growing art movement during this influential timeline. Graphic design set its first roots in Germany in 1455 with the introduction of the Blackletter typeface and Johannes Gutenberg’s Gutenberg Bible. Coined as the godfather of printing Gutenberg helped to spread Blackletter in popularity. With the advent of Martin Luther’s New Testament, however, a schism was created between those that chose to use†¦show more content†¦Tremendous technological advance and tremendous slaughter leave an artistic waste land of atrocity, emasculation and pointing posters used to manipulate the public into recruiting men to join the military around the globe. Skilled illustrators in America, less inventive but artistic allegory’s in Canada and France and plain typography in Britain leave many artists busy with supporting the war effort. On the outskirts of war were a contingency of international peoples with little means and a negative view of European culture and war that chose to defect to Switzerland where they created the ar t movement known as Dada. Dada, known for it’s chaotic nature, indirect protesting and iconoclasm also evolved into a political movement. Rejection of artistic mastery, defying authority, overprinting, and purposeful mistakes, where all a part of what Tristain Tzara and his contemporaries were trying to succeed. Cubism, Vorticism, Orphism, Purism, and Futurism also came about because of World War I. Heavily influenced by Cubism and it’s shattered glass appearance Futurism was the most politically mind of these five movements. Somewhat akin to Dada in it’s chaotic nature Futurist’s, however, were staunchly pro war and were looking for ways to bring Italy into the present times. Purism, on the other hand, took the collage look of synthetic Cubism and modern abstract style and madeShow MoreRelatedchapter answers14408 Words   |  58 Pagesknown as a. large group interventions b. reward system changes c. employee involvement d. team building ANS: c 8. Strategic change interventions involve improving a. the alignment among an organization’s environment, strategy, and organization design b. the organization’s relationship to its environment c. the fit between the organization’s technical, political and cultural systems d. all of the above ANS: d 9. Which of the following areas do OD practitioners need to be familiar with to carryRead MoreProject Management32831 Words   |  132 Pagesdiffer from the requirements for projects which are strategic for a company. 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The Indelible Problem Mulk Raj Anand And The Plight Of

†¢ Anand, Mulk Raj. www.languageinindia.com /aug2014/sulochanat woleavesfinal. †¢ Anand, Mulk Raj. www.postcolonialweb.org/india/ anand/ stracuzzi1.html †¢ Anand, Mulk Raj. â€Å"The Indelible Problem: Mulk Raj Anand and the Plight of ...† www.postcolonialweb.org /india/anand/ stracuzzi1. †¢ Anand, Mulk Raj.georgeorwellnovels.com/.../the-sword-and-the-sickle-by-mulk-raj-anand/. †¢ Anand,MulkRaj.www.tjells.com/.../348_The%20Plight%20of%20Less%20priviledged%2... †¢ Anand, Mulk Raj. â€Å"CulturalCompass†. blog.hrc.utexas.edu/tag /mulk-raj-anand/.May 10, 2011 †¢ Anand, S.25Aug.2014. â€Å"Bhimrao’sSharpArrows†: www. Out Look India. Com. Independence Day Special. †¢ Arora, Neena. â€Å"The Novels of Mulk Raj Anand: A Study of His Hero†books†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Poem: A Late Wisdom† www.poem hunter. Com/ poem/ a-late-wisdom. †¢ Cowasjee, Saros. â€Å"Humanism in mulk raj anand s novel - Euro Asia Research ...† www.euroasiapub.org/ijress/apr2013/16. †¢ Das, B.K. â€Å"Remembering the Founding Fathers of Indian English† †¢ Downey. K. â€Å"Indian English and Raja Rao s Krishnaswamy and Krishnaswamy†es.scribd.com/doc/235098684/Pseudo-Longino-De-Lo-Sublime. †¢ Duggan,Francis.www.poemhunter.com/.../francis-duggan/the-human-will-never-ceases-t... †¢ Duncan.Frances.unc.edu/~duncan/personal/roman_mining/deepvein_mining.html †¢ Durkheim, Emile. www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/forces _2.html. †¢ EndÃ… ,ShÃ… «saku.www.myfriendamysblog.com/.../the-final-martyrs-by-shusaku-endo.html. †¢ Gandhi,Mahatma.www.cicd-volunteerinafrica.org/quotations/ gandhi-quotations. †¢ George, C.J. cited Anand, Mulk Raj.1994.books.google.co.in /books?isbn 817164453. †¢ George, T. K. shodhganga. inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2583/ .../08 _chapter%203.pdf - ‎2011. †¢ George. A. â€Å"The Indian Bard and the Beloved – Second Journey† www. second journey.org/itin/09_Sum/George_09Sum.htm. †¢ Gibbon ,Edward.www.quotessays.com /edward-gibbon.html. †¢ Gilman ,Laura Anne.www. lauraannegilman.bnet/whats-inprint/ cosa... /cosa- nostradamus-f-a-q. †¢ Gioia, Dana â€Å"Death and legacy - GradeSaver† www.gradesaver .com †º December 20, 1968 †¢ Gupta , Arvind â€Å"A novelist, short story writer as well as an art critic† , MulkRaj www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/mulk.pdf †¢ Highfield, J.Show MoreRelatedDeplorable Description Of The Mulk Raj Anand s Untouchable3521 Words   |  15 Pages Deplorable Description Of The Outcaste in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable The proposed project will discuss on the novel â€Å"Untouchable† by Mulk Raj Anand and will draw attention towards the sensitive issue of untouchability. ‘Untouchable’ a fiction published in the year 1935, presents the prime concerns of the great author Mulk Raj Anand, which is, to highlight the cause of the dumb and the deserted, the lowly and the lost of an adverse society. His concerns are always been for the creatures in theRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagesthe concept of Indians writing in English came much later and it is with the coming of Raja Rao, R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, the journey of Indian English Novel began. The early Indian novels which were merely patriotic gained a rather contemporary touch with the coming of Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao and R.K.Narayan. The social disparity of India which was aptly described by Mulk Raj Anand in his Coolie, the imaginary village life with its entire unedited realities in R.K. Narayan`s Malgudi DaysRead MoreLanguage in Indian Writing in English3662 Words   |  15 Pagesland of stories, the demarcation between ritual and reality being very narrow. The Indian English novel erupted in the fiery talks of Henry Derozio, the spiritual prose of Tagore and the pacifist dictums preached by Gandhi. With the coming of Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao and R.K. Narayan, the Indian English novel had begun its journey. Now to talk about Indian Writing in English Christopher Rollason defines Indian Writing in English as â€Å"original creative writing produced in English by Indian writers

Evaluating The Breeze As Educational Tool In E-Learning Free Essays

In the best-seller books, Rich Dad Poor Dad, Robert T. Kiyosaki and his co-author Susan L. Lechter highlights the needs for growing assets instead of liabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluating The Breeze As Educational Tool In E-Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words, they suggest that we, anyone who wants to be rich, should not spend our money in any way that is no relation with assets creation. In this manner, they regard knowledge, obtained through formal or non-formal education, as the most important element of success in today’s fast changing world. Regarding the idea, we witness that educators continue finding the right proportion of syllabus that fit the needs of current and future workplaces. This is essential to meet current workplace demands that require employees that are knowledgeable, capable of handling and distribute information, and have expertise in technology (Goldstein, 2003). The situation highlights that employees need to be skillful in operating high technology equipments and also other tools that help them to communicate effectively with their colleagues. Concerning the issue, this paper will discuss about the evaluation of Macromedia Breeze as education tools in E-Learning. 2. Aims and Objectives a. This paper intends to discuss about the importance of using of technology as education tools b. By employing non-participant observation method, collecting data and analyzing qualitative information from a wide range of sources including journals, books, magazines and online materials, this paper aims at discussing the benefits of using Macromedia Breeze as education tools that support the implementation of e-learning. c. In addition, the paper also intends to describe about factors that encourage technology integration for education systems 3. Problem Statement Education becomes key success factors that help a person to master the required knowledge in order to enable him performing their jobs effectively. The education itself can be learned when he is at school or during his duty in a company through several internal or external training sessions. Concerning the education system and the use of technology, therefore the research statement or question is â€Å"Does Macromedia Breeze provide greater benefits for people in carrying out rapid e-learning (REL) in a company? † I choose this research question since it might be completely different from others that may focus only on general use of technology in a company. Therefore, instead of elaborating partial discussion on the issue, I decide to discuss the comprehensive discussion on branding in order to favor readers in understanding the technical benefits that Macromedia Breeze offers to users in performing rapid e-learning (REL) method. For this reason, in the literature review, I employ several sources ranging from academic journals, magazines, online news and books that relate to the use of technology as education tools. 4. Literature Review Information Technology as Educational Tools The above condition strengthens the importance of current education system to understand the needs of current and future workplaces in order to customize their syllabus so that they meet the needs of employers. Moreover, the authors also stress the importance of workforces to master information and communication technologies so that they can employ appropriate and hence effective methods in completing any tasks. We must remember that our society has experienced many changes. People or firms who succeed are those who can meet the demands required by each workplace. Once we were in agricultural society then moved into industrial society through industrial revolution in 19th century and now we live in information society marked by the advancement in telecommunications and computer technology that enable the transfer of information at the speed of light. Concerning the situation, Carly Fiorina, former CEO of HP, says only people and firms having pile of information can take benefits of the future market. Therefore, Fiorina implies the urge of becoming learning organization in which information exchange exists in a company and the benefits of using information technology can be encouraged in the education institutions. Given the importance of information processing in the commerce, it is not surprising that business of any types was among the earliest adopters of automated information processing technology. For this reason, they need labor that have expertise in using and operating computers in commerce or trade so that they can handle sophisticated tasks like storing and retrieving large amounts of information and at making calculations and designs at highest accuracy. Historically, the convergence of digital technologies including television, telephony, and computers has stimulated the reach of the innovations of the Internet that grew from inter-university computer networks in United States. Under such circumstance, it is common to hope that current education systems should address in their syllabus about current and future employment needs. Macromedia Breeze and E-Learning The use of technology especially software has influenced the way employees performing their jobs. There are many applications or software that sold in the market with various variant or version. For example, in word processing tool, customers are already accustomed to using famous application such as Microsoft Word, Word Perfect, and Open Office (for open source platform). Meanwhile, for creating slides for presentations, they are used to using Microsoft PowerPoint. In addition to the famous Microsoft PowerPoint, currently, there are many other software applications that show the powerful of presentation especially ones that support the electronic learning or e-learning. Historically, the emerging rapid e-learning has become a hot issue in workplace since it provides many benefits for employees. The situation encourages 85% of Fortune 500 companies to adopt e-learning immediately. Moreover, 80% of the respondents in the survey reveal that the adoption of rapid e-learning concept can give the significant contribution to their companies (Archibald, 2005). The key benefits of using Macromedia Breeze is it reduces the costs for traditional e-learning solutions that usually costs customers about US$10,000 and $50,000 per hour. According to Philip Kotler (2000), the marketing mix consisting of four important factors; they are Product, Promotion, Price and Place is a crucial aspect of forming a marketing program. In addition, by using rapid e-learning method, customers enable to have training material that has critical development timelines and alters or content updated frequently, to name a few (Archibald, 2005). Currently, in the market, there are many tools that help customers to perform rapid e-learning (REL) schemes; they include Lersus, Articulate, SNAP! Studio, Webex, and mindflash. Macromedia Breeze, Content Point, and Macromedia Breeze. Technically, Macromedia Breeze uses PowerPoint as its main development tool. However, Macromedia Breeze adds several features including the easiness of adding an audio track to the training material. Other features of Macromedia Breeze are the capability of conducting assessment and tracking tools and they are AICC- and SCORM-compliant (Archibald, 2005). Encouraging Technology Integration at Education Systems Considering the importance of technology integration at education systems, some scholars reveal three factors that characterize the tendencies to integrate technology within education systems as following: a) First, the society realized the importance of introducing computers and other technology in formal education (schools). The trend of considering computers and their allied components as a necessity in school programs is considerable stronger, starting from the 1980’s (Milton, 2005). b) Second, there is a strong rationale within the education institution to replace the traditional programs with modern technology education. A National survey by Chinies, Oaks and Boutique (2002) indicated that school based technological literacy was one of the greatest factors that empowered any advancing economy in the world. c) Third, there is a strong support from teachers and school administrators, who became loyal contributors of efforts in designing technology programs and supporting the use of computers in all aspects of schooling (Hache, 1996) 5. Methodological and Ethical Issues The paper will employ qualitative approach, which is a research that is carried out through observations. The benefit of employing qualitative approach is it enables a researcher to investigate in little more detail on the individual perceptions of a phenomenon. However, since the research deals with the personal, therefore, such an investigation is limited in its scope. Moreover, observation becomes an important technique for collecting data concerning what occurs in a real-life situation. This method also helps us to reach an understanding about the perceptions of those who are being studied, in that situation. To be specific, we employ non-participant observation method especially by analyzing qualitative information from journals, books, magazines and many more. The most interesting part of conducting observation is it provides researchers with an understanding about the perceptions about things or people we observe. However, since observation deals with someone’s perception, we plan to avoid preconceptions since it would provide this research with some bias. In order to comprehensive explanation, this paper will describe the use of information technology especially software applications for education purposes. In this situation, I will employ various sources including websites that discuss the use of software applications for education purposes. 6. Time Schedule In preparing the research proposal, below is the detail schedule of finalization for my research. How to cite Evaluating The Breeze As Educational Tool In E-Learning, Papers

Organisational Psychology

Organisational Psychology Organisation psychology is primary helps to determine the overall core activity, which are related to the overall performance of the organization, which eventually help to take a leading advantage over their arch rival. Organization psychology primarily focuses on the specific areas of practise (Schein, 1965). Organizational psychologist, are specialised skills and knowledge in the given particular areas. 1. Recruitment and selection: It helps to develop a selection standard for work and determination of the most suitable examination tools and determination of the overall knowledge and expertise, potential and personal fit for specific job using the techniques. 2. Learning and development: Analyse and design a training program, which are related with the individual and team performance of the organization. 3. Leadership and talent management: With the help of the program which provide advice and support to the leader which eventually help them to lead and motivate their employee. 4. Coaching, mentoring and career development: The activity in the organization psychology helps to provide assistance, coaching and mentoring which eventually help to enhance the work performance. 5. Change management 6. Measuring the employee opinion and other workplace research 7. Performance management: Develop, implement and determination of the performance management system help to provide a key linkage between the organization and the business strategies 8. Wellbeing, streets and work life balance: with the help of significant policies helps to provide a better management of the work environment (Kerr, 1995). These are some of the activities or key area which are involved in the organization psychology which eventually help to improve the overall performance of the organization (Antoniou and Cooper, 2011).

How effective is the use of first person narrative in The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example

How effective is the use of first person narrative in The Yellow Wallpaper Paper The yellow wallpaper is a story dominated by the protagonist, as she is isolated from the world and society except for the servant girl Jennie and her husband John. The advantages of using first person narrative in this article are the strong emotional and mental link with the protagonist, which can be portrayed much more effectively than any other perspective of the story. Also the point of view on Johns and the other characters, however few, actions and comments are biased to the protagonists thoughts and feelings. The protagonist also has a closer relationship with the audience than if it were in another perspective and the reader had more segregation from the main character. The first person perspective allow the protagonist to collude with the reader, this collusion would not be possible with third person perspective and second person perspective could only give another persons view of the events and with this story they would have had to have been a fly on the wall. The protagonist can make the reader sympathize with her in a way which can portray her as the victim of isolation with the only mental stimulus being the maddening, encompassing visage of the faded and tattered wallpaper that invades her thoughts and cognitions overwhelmingly to such an extent that it destroys all sense reality in her mind. I never saw so much expression in a thing before, and we all know how much expression they have, this quote show her collusion with the reader and the conversing of her, at this stage, fascination with the paper. We will write a custom essay sample on How effective is the use of first person narrative in The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How effective is the use of first person narrative in The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How effective is the use of first person narrative in The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The protagonist can get the reader involved by sharing secrets that he [John] hates to have me write a word but she still secretly journalises the events until the last couple of days when she seems to be writing the events as the happen, as if part of her obsession is to document her discoveries of the encapsulating wallpaper that enthrals her. A biased opinion can be given by the first person narrative, this opinion shows John to be acting against the will of the protagonist, but because of her social place at the time it was seen as wrong for her to question him so she puts her views on paper you see he does not believe I am sick! And what is one to do? The story cannot portray Johns reasons for her confinement or his banning of writing and any mental exercise. The first person view can show the deterioration of the protagonists mental state as she slides into delusion. At the beginning of the text she admits that there is something wrong I never used to be so sensitive. I think it is due to this nervous condition. But later on she shows here blatant derangement This bed will not move! I tried to lift it and push it until I was lame, and then I got so angry I bit off a little piece at the corner but it hurt my teeth this shows her unthinking and irrational nature, she noticed earlier on that the bed is nailed to the floor. The language of the text alters showing her slowly shifting mental state. The story begins with normal language typical of the era that it was written in but it slowly becomes more erratic and obsessive. The language also becomes more darkly descriptive as her perception changes: It [the wallpaper] sticks horribly and the pattern just enjoys it! All those strangled heads and bulbous eyes and waddling fungus growths just shriek with derision this is a much less bright and colourful portrayal of her environment than before. Before she presents the paper as One of those sprawling, flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin. this is a less obsessive and much brighter view of the paper. This story of The Yellow Wallpaper would not have the same powerful effect on the reader if it were written from another point of view. The protagonist could not collude with the audience, she could not ask rhetorical questions and she could not make the reader involved with her defiant, secret acts of writing. The reader could not feel as if they were hiding with her and the reader could not be persuaded to take her side on the issues arising from the paper and her confinement. The whole script would be a hollow and boring case study of a seemingly mad woman if it was not told by her, she brings life to the story. The protagonist could not ask but what is one to do? with the same half asking the audience. I think that the effectiveness of the first person perspective in the Yellow Wallpaper is much more involving for the reader and it makes the story seem more real than any other way of writing.

Hong Kong Wealth Gap Essays

Hong Kong Wealth Gap Essays Hong Kong Wealth Gap Essay Hong Kong Wealth Gap Essay Gini coefficient is one of the indicators of income inequality. Although it may not reflect the whole picture of income inequality, the figure is above 0. 5 implied the problem of income inequality may be existed. In 2006, Hong Kong is in great hazard seeing that our Gini Coefficient has risen from 0. 518 in 1996 to 0. 533. Compared to about 0. 424 to 0. 513 in Canada, Singapore and England, Hong Kong has an extremely high coefficient.However, the HKSAR government claimed that the calculation of Gini coefficient is not suitable in Hong Kong and Donald Tsang, who is the Chief Executive of HKSAR government, even said he was mistrusted to the Gini coefficient so that he did not think the wealth gap of Hong Kong was too wide. Therefore, the government does very little things or set up little policies to solve the wealth gap problem in Hong Kong. The taxes and the prices of goods keep increasing which heavier the onus of poor people.Census and Statistics The most recent census conducted by the government shows the gap between the rich and the poor worsened in the 10-year period up to 2006. The result showed the number of families spending less than 4,000 dollars a month increased from 6. 7 per cent to 9. 2 per cent in that period. The census also found that the real average income of families in Hong Kong fell 7. 8 per cent since 2001. Deflation during period was only 3 per cent. Threatened by wealth gap, a solution is needed.However, to solve the problem efficiently, causes of the problem must be identified. According to the most popular saying, wealth gap started widening since 1940s, the time of the Chinese Civil War. After that, a series of incident has happened, which causes the widening of the wealth gap. In 1940s, when the Chinese civil War broke out, many refugees from mainland China escaped to Hong Kong. On the other hand, a certain amount of Capitalists where afraid of new Communism, and hence went to Hong Kong with their capital and knowledge.As a result, the rich and the poor were separated much more firmly into two classes. And thats the beginning of the problem. In 1970s, Hong Kong turned herself into an international financial center from a manufacturing center. Therefore, labor-intensive industries didnt exist anymore, but has changed into technology and knowledge-based economy. With the essential need of high-level technology, less unskilled labors were needed so lots of people lost their jobs, while the educated ones had great opportunities on work.The wealth gap widened. In 1980s, the Open Door Policy was adopted in China, Kong Kong benefited from it on the development on economy. Nevertheless, a motto, Let part of the people gets rich first, was suggested by Deng Xiaoping. At the time, came to a rise of capitalists, while the others suffered from poverty. The wealth gap once again widened. In 1997, a serious financial storm attacked Hong Kong, the stock market suddenly crashed, lots of people suffered from the sudden incident.The loss of money led to a crisis of negative equity and inflation. Poverty became more serious in Hong Kong while capitalists made use of the chance to gain profits At present, the most important cause to the wealth gap is immigration. Large amount of immigrants from mainland China, especially those who are poor immigrates to Hong Kong. They have low productivity but benefit from the Comprehensive Social Security Allowance. The distance between the poverty and the rich are once again widens.

Decision Making Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision Making Model - Essay Example The initial step in this model involves identifying the decision to be made since it is vital that one is fully aware and clearly comprehends the decision at hand. The second stage is knowing one's self or undergoing self-assessment. This means that a person should be familiar with his/her skills, interests, values and personal traits as these factors would have substantial effects in making the decision. (Roberts, n.d.) The third step begins with identifying options or exploring alternatives. A person should know the choices available that are in line with the abovementioned factors. The fourth step involves gathering information or researching about what may be the potential consequences of the decisions. This step may entail interviewing other people with regard to their experiences in making the same decisions. One may also read books or surf the internet during this decision-making point. It is important to remember that the more information gathered the easier it is to make the decision. (Roberts, n.d.) The next step entails evaluating the options by identifying the pros and cons of each alternative. This may be done by listing the values affected and needs satisfied by each option as well as the risks involved (Roberts, n.d.). Note that some pros and cons may carry more weight than others. In this regard, it may help to assign grades to these listings to gauge what truly matters to the decision-maker ("Make Decision", 2005). Given the information gathered and analyzed, the sixth step involves selecting one of the options. This process does not end in choosing but with the seventh step that entails the designing and implementing an action plan relative to the decision that has been made. The final stage requires taking the necessary steps to effect the decision. (Roberts, n.d.) I have recently utilized this model in my current job when I was faced with deciding on whether to transfer to another department that was in need of someone with my qualifications. With this, I have instantly identified the decision of whether to grab the opportunity to transfer to another department or stay in the same section. In making this decision, I have assessed my values, skills, interests and characteristics. I have recognized my nursing skills, the value I assign to health and money, and my being sociable that enables me to easily get along with my colleagues and superior. Following these steps, I have proceeded with researching about the job opening. After all, more information would empower me to choose the best option. As such, I interviewed some friends who are assigned to the said department. Based on their experience, being assigned to the section entails longer working hours coupled with late lunches during a number of weekdays when work load is quite heavy. They also cited that the head of the department is somewhat demanding. However, this also means relatively higher take-home pay due to the additional overtime work rendered. After these, I evaluated my options based on the information I have obtained and my personality, values and skills. I listed down the advantages and disadvantages of opting to transfer and staying. I also

Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lab Report Example Since human beings’ absorption of caffeine is high in the morning hours , I carried out the experiment between 7 am and 9 am in the morning (Schmid-Holmes, 2001). I carried out the experiment in our home where we have controlled temperatures maintained at 37 degrees Celsius. I used six out of the ten members of our family who are on one month leave from work with an age bracket of between 30 and 50 years. Hypothesis Caffeine affects blood pressure. Materials and methods. To begin this experiment I wrote a research proposal and had it approved by my instructor. I randomly selected six of the ten members of our family with age between 30 and 50 and who have never been diagnosed with blood pressure. I organized them in two groups of three and ensured that each group has at least one member of the opposite sex. Using an electronic scale, I measured each member of the experiment mass just to be sure that their mass falls around the 68 kg mark. I used a coffee pot to prepare coffee and three cups to serve the prepared coffee, every day for two weeks. I used the other three cups to serve regular, every day for two weeks. ... Then, I prepared the amount of water with caffeine that I used for the experiment. On average, an adult weighs 68 kgs and the recommended caffeine dosage is 200 mg (Monroe, 1998). Since a cup of coffee contains approximately 200 mg of caffeine, I administered one cup of coffee every day for seven days for the first three marked persons(Nawrot, 2003). 1 hour after taking the coffee treatment, I used the sphygmomanometer to measure their blood pressure level and recorded it in the data collection sheet every day. I also measured and recorded the blood pressure of the other three persons who were on regular water. In the second week, I took off the caffeine solution from the marked persons and put them in 100 ml of regular water through day 1 to day 7. I also removed the unmarked persons from regular water and put them on the caffeine treatment. Just like in the first week, I allowed the persons to be served with water with caffeine, a 24 – hour habituation period before starting the test. As I did in the first week, 1 hour after taking the coffee treatment, I used the sphygmomanometer to measure their blood pressure level and recorded it in the data collection sheet every day. I also measured and recorded the blood pressure of the other three persons who were on regular water. Results This experiment showed that the average blood pressure of human beings on the caffeine solutions was slightly higher than the blood pressure of human beings on the regular water (Figure 1).  Ã‚   WEEK ONE MEASUREMENTS WEEK TWO MEASUREMENTS Trial in days Mean Arterial Pressure Trial in days Mean Arterial Pressure 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 97 96 98 93 93 93 2 93 93 93 98 97 97 3 97 97 97 93 93 93 3 93 94 93 99

Water Level Control System Of The Tank Engineering Essay

Water Level Control System Of The Tank Engineering Essay The report provides an interim account of water level control system of a tank. The step-test experimental results for both (old and new) tanks and the method of calculating the water flow rate into the tank has been discussed. In addition, the techniques to work out the pump horsepower, motor power and the pump efficiency had been covered in this report. Future work on the laboratory experiment on proportional gain (P) and proportional plus integral gain (PI) testing and its relevance to industrial process and the approach to accomplish the set objectives of the project were discussed. CONTENT SUMMARY i CONTENT ii LIST OF FIGURES iii LIST OF TABLES iv AIM 4 OBJECTIVE 5 1.1 EXPERIMENT COMPONENTS 5 1.1.1 AMPLIFIER 5 1.1.2 SENSOR 6 1.1.5 VANE PUMP 9 1.1.5.1 PUMP TEST 10 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 12 3. CONTROLLER 12 3.1 P ONLY 13 3.2 P+I CONTROLLER 14 3.3 PID CONTROLLER 15 4. METHODOLOGY 15 4.2 P ONLY EXPERIMENT 16 4.3 P+I EXPERIMENT 17 5. RESULTS DISCUSSION ANALYSIS 18 5.1 SYSTEM TRANSFER FUNCTION 18 5.2 SYSTEM MODELLING 19 5.3 SYSTEM PERFERMANCE 19 5.4. RESULT DISCUSSION 20 21 6. CONCLUSION 21 7. REFERENCES 22 8. APPENDIX 23 LIST OF FIGURES Graph 1: Outcome of Pump Testing Graph 11 LIST OF TABLES NOMENCLATURE P Proportional PI Proportional Integral PD Positive displacement PID Proportional-Integral-Derivative PWM Pulse width modulation Qo Output Qi Input INTRODUCTION In years back level control has been a major issue in the industrial processes. The controlling of liquid level is essential in most industrial processes such as: food processing, nuclear power plants, water purification systems, industrial chemical processing, boilers etc. Although, most industrial problems such as: controlling the speed of motor, or fluid level in a tank, or temperature of the furnace are due to the installation of control process when the control concepts had not been properly understood (Dutton et al., 1997). However, the ingenuity of control engineer can often overcome these challenges by producing a well-behaved piece of equipment. Mostly, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers are used for liquid level control in most applications and can be applied to many industrial processes and mechanical systems. PID controllers proven to be a perfect controller for simple and linear processes, but when it comes to controlling of non-linear and multivariable processes, the controller parameters have to be continuously adjusted (Bhuvaneswari et al., 2008). In process control systems, nonlinearity is the rule rather than the exception. Most control loops such as pressure, temperature, composition, etc., are significantly nonlinear. This may be because of nonlinearity due to control valves, or on account of variations in process gain, time constant, and dead time, as discussed in (McMillan et al, 1994). Therefore, the study of control system has contributed to huge impact positively to our modern day development. A plant can be controlled manually or automatically and the control system consists of a plant with its actuators, sensors and a controller. Manual controlling process of a plant cannot be as accurately enough compared to automatic control. An automatic controller is made up of device, electronic circuit, computer, or mechanical linkage etc. The interface between the plant and the controller requires actuators (control elements) to provide control action. In instrumentation, detectors and sensors (measurement elements) are needed to provide information about the plant status to the controller (Golten and Verwer, 1991). However, the most important characteristic of a plant is its stability, which indicates that a system can be control smoothly without undue oscillation or overcorrection. The behaviour and performance of a control system depends on the interaction of the entire element. The difference between the set-point and the actual value of the variable is called error. Another important characteristic of a control system is how quickly it can respond to an error and correct it. The smaller the error, the better it would be for the control system. The basic types of process control are open loop and closed loop system. + The open loop system has no feedback because it has no sensor to sense the fluid level in the tank. While the closed loop system is characterised by a sensor and a feedback signal which carries information from the measurement device to the comparator. Typical actuators used in liquid level control systems include pumps, motorised valve, on-off valves, etc. In addition, level sensors such as displacement float, capacitance probe, pressure sensor (Bateson, 1999), etc., provide liquid level measurement for the purpose of feedback control. In a closed loop feedback control system, the forward path transfer function is G(s) representing the process or plant being controlled together with any controller dynamics. The feedback path transfer function, H(s), represents the measurement system or transducer which provides the feedback signal (Golten and Verwer, 1991). The overall transfer function relating the controlled variable Qo to the desired value or reference, Qi is Qi Qo Figure 1: Closed loop block diagram Hence, the procedure of deriving the equation above can be found in the appendix page. In addition, the prime objective of feedback control systems is to minimise the differences between the output and the reference input since this represents the error. The control system should be quick as possible in reducing this error to zero (or to some reasonable low value) when there is either a disturbance or change in reference value (Golten and Verwer, 1991). Feedback has similar advantages when applied to automatic control system, it has the ability of controlling a system that deals with unexpected disturbances that might occur within the system and adapt to changes in the plant. Therefore, with the advancement of electronics and its applications, the understanding of close loop control system increased rapidly, since feedback amplifier is essential (Healey, 1975). A simple control system is used to maintain a constant water level in a tank, example of such is toilet systems in various homes. The swinging arm attached to the input valve of the WC water tank allows water to flow into the tank until the float rises to a point that closes the valve. When the water level is low in the tank, the swinging arm moves downwards which allows more water to flow into the tank. This continues until the swinging arm returns to its initial state. This is a simple and effective level control system for water tank. Another level of control system is a steam boiler where the level of the water in the boiler must be maintained between certain limits; otherwise, it may lead to serious damage to the boiler and building as well as cause hazard to the building occupants (Miller et al, 2004). Water gages serves as a means of measurement level in the boiler. In an engineering context, the addition of control systems must be justified in terms of their profitability, or environment safety. A control system must be effective and efficient, and remain so throughout the life of the plant (Dutton et al., 1997). The performance of a system is often expressed in terms of their parameters such as: speed of response, stability and steady-state error. A good speed of response may often be achieved at the expense of steady state error and stability (Premier, 2008)  [1]  . Stability is one of the most important characteristics in any system. For a system to be stable, the system components must be appropriatel y sized for the application and the system must be correctly adjusted (tuned). The objectives of this project is to investigate the control of water level in non-linear water tank which is fed by a centrifugal pump and discharges to a sump tank through a valve. The tank is a V shaped tank which has a straight wall. The system inflow would be adjusted alongside with the control signal to the outlet valve and the outlet pump during the simulation. Furthermore, the project task includes designing a proportional (P) only and proportional + integral (PI) controller for a specific operating point and implementing it as an analogue s-domain system. The objectives would be accomplished by examining the dynamics of the water tank, modelling it from first principles and by applying step tests to identify the system model at various operating points. The diagram below shows the equipment used to carry out the experiment. Figure 2: Water tank level control system Figure 4: Block diagram of V Shaped Tank system AIM To characterise a new V tank Conduct identification and control experimentation Comparing it with an existing replicate system OBJECTIVE Relating level control to industrial applications. Understanding the dynamics of water tank, modelling it from first principle Application of step-test to identify the system model at various operating points. Designing a proportional + integral controller for specific operating point. 1.1 EXPERIMENT COMPONENTS In order to perform the laboratory experiment on process plant (V-tank), the experimental components used are: amplifier, sensor transducer, water tank, valve, and pump which are discussed below. 1.1.1 AMPLIFIER The amplifier is a very important part of any control system. Basically, it is used to deliver an output signal which is larger, in a prescribed way, than the input signal. A good designed amplifier mostly requires that the input impedance should be large so that the source is not loaded, and the output impedance should be small so that the power element can be easily driven (Anand Zmood, 1995)  [2]  . An amplifier could be referred to as the signal conditioner use in this experiment. An am In pulse width modulation (PWM) the amplitude and repetition rate remain constant, and the width of the pulse is varied according to the modulation signal amplitude (Parr, 1996)  [3]   Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signals are increasingly being used to drive continuous actuators such as d.c. motor, hydraulic servos and a.c. motor. If the switching frequency of the PWM amplifier is sufficiently high in relation to the actuator time constants, then the signals will be average around the value (Olsson Piani, 1992)  [4]  . The motor is driven by a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) power amplifier, which supplies power to the motor proportional to a voltage signal from the controller. Pulses are produces at regular intervals, the duration or width of the pulse being proportional to the size of the voltage at each of the times concerned (Bolton, 1991)  [5]  . The reason why pulse width modulation is used is that conventional power amplifiers would simply burn at high power levels. The advantage of switching is that the solid-state devices are not continuously loaded with high power and therefore their power dissipation is low. This fact makes PWM amplifier very efficient. In PWM amplifier, the switching can be directly controlled from the digital output ports of a computer. 1.1.2 SENSOR In virtually every engineering application, there is the need to measure some physical quantities, such as displacements, speeds, forces, pressures, temperatures, stresses, flows and so on. These measurements are performed using this physical device called sensors, which are capable of converting a physical quantity to a more readily manipulated electrical quantity (Onwubolu, 2005). A sensor could be referred to as transducer. Although, there are different kinds of liquid level transducers which are used in variety of control applications with different function such as: float-type liquid level transducers, hydrostatic pressure liquid level transducers, capacitance probes, and so on. But with respect to this project, the pressure transducer will be the point of focus. The pressure transducer is used to measure the height (or head) level in the tank For a sensor to function effectively there is a need for signal conditioner and a display system. This signal conditional obtains signal from the sensor and manipulates it into a condition which are suitable either for display, or control system usefulness. Hence, a display system shows the output readings from the signal conditional (Bolton, 1999)  [6]  . Since the dynamic and static characteristics of the sensor or measuring element affect the indication of the actual value of the output variable, then the sensor plays an important role in determining the overall performance of the control system. The sensor usually determines the transfer function in the feedback path. If the time constants of a sensor are negligibly small compared with other time constants of the control system, the transfer function of the sensor simply becomes constant (Ogata, K., 1997). In selecting a good transducer with respect to its performance and system measurement, certain criteria had to be fulfilled. The accuracy of the transducer to which it has been calibrated, its response to error within the system, its stability i.e. the ability of the transducer to give the same output reading when used to measure a constant input over a period of time, etc (Bolton, 2008)  [7]  . 1.1.3 WATER TANK Water tank is a The tank characteristics are non linear depending on the operating point and are such that tank level surface is a function of the level. Figure 5: Tank fluid level system The objective of the controller in the level control process is to maintain a level set point at a given value and be able to accept new set point values dynamically and this level control system must be controlled by the proper controller. In considering the top section of the tank as shown in fig. 5 above, the flow-rate can be calculated using Bernoullis equation. From Bernoullis law the flow through a valve q (m3s-1) is related to the pressure head across the valve h (m) by the following equation, in which g is the acceleration due to gravity, Cd is the coefficient of discharge (m2) (Dutton et al., 1997). Modelling the Tank The tank can be modelled from first principles with the provision of certain assumptions. For the sake of simplicity, it is possible to consider the top section of the tank with parallel sides and then extend this model to deal with the whole tank. The prismatic section of the tank can be considered to be a simple rectangular tank with an inflow Q and an outflow, QL as in Figure 2. By considering conservation of matter, we can say that the flow into the tank must be equal to the flow out plus the flow converted into a change in level. but if then 1.1.4 VALVE Control valves are commonly encountered elements in process plant and the equation that describes their flow behaviour are nonlinear. Other nonlinear effects may exist because of the valve characteristic and the equipment surrounding the value. Control valves are used to regulate the flow rate of fluid in a system. The control of flow rate can be achieved by varying the size of the passage through which the fluid flows (Stenerson, 2004)  [8]  . The control valve modulates the flow of a fluid by introducing a variable area aperture into the pipeline. The volumetric flow rate, Q, of a particular liquid through a valve is proportional to the pressure drop across it, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  P. Thus, let kv be the valve coefficient which is the function of the valve opening or lift, h. in order to avoid dimensionality, the lift, h is defined as a fractional lift, i.e. when h is 1 the control valve is fully open, and when the h is 0 the value is shut. 1.1.5 VANE PUMP In selecting a pump for a specific task, there are certain factors that needs to be considered such as: the height at which the pump will be moving the liquid to, the speed that is required, and the pressure flow at the pumps outlet. A pump is a mechanical device that changes mechanical power into fluid power. Positive displacement (PD) pumps perform work by expanding and then compressing a cavity, space, or moveable boundary within the pump. In most cases, these pumps actually captured the liquid and transport it through the pump to the discharge nozzle (Bachus Custodio, 2003)  [9]  . However, the flow through PD pump is mostly a function of the speed of the driver or motor. A D.C motor drives the pump at a constant speed in most cases so that the delivery would be constant, i.e. the flow Q is normally constant (Healey, 1975). The pressure or head that a PD pump can generate is mostly a function of the thickness of the casing and strength of the associated accompanying parts (seals, hoses gaskets). In addition, a PD pump has been designed to have some strict tolerance parts. This strict tolerance controls the flow, and pressure that these pumps can generate. The ability to pressurize the fluid to higher pressures will depend on the tolerance of the components within the pump. Hence, the closer the pumps tolerance, the higher the capabilities would be (Brumbach Clade, 2003).  [10]  Furthermore, there are three types of positive displacement pumps in use nowadays which are: vane pump, gear pump and the piston pump. These kinds of pump had different similarities depending on their performance but based on this task it would be concentrated on vane pump. Vane pump are used in hydraulic systems. When the rotor rotates the pumps vanes in a counter clockwise direction which caused the vanes to slide in and out of their slots within the pump housing, a large amount of fluid would be carried from the inlet to the outlet (Onwubolu, 2005)  [11]  . This results from the eccentricity of the centre of the rotor with respect to that of the housing. Figure 3: Vane Pump 1.1.5.1 PUMP TEST In order to examine the pumps accuracy, a test was carried out on the pump. The pump was used to move water from one container to the other within a time limit. Using the laboratory scale machine, the empty container was measured to weighs 0.585Kg. However, the pump was tested at different voltage supplied to the pump from 1v 10v at every one minute and then measured the filled container to know the actual weight. The reading was measured in kilogram (kg) which was converted to litres per minute. The conversion was 1kg to 1litre at a constant time. The outcome of the pump testing experiment could be seen in the graph below. Graph 1: Outcome of Pump Testing Graph In addition, the pump testing results obtained from the graph above shows that the pump was not functioning perfectly. The inaccuracy of the pumps efficiency is as a result of imbalance modified vanes inside the pump. The actual dimension of the vane inside the pump was 8mm inner diameter, 52mm outside diameter and 22mm thickness. The out diameter of the vane was cut-down or modified to roughly about 40mm for the vane to rotate easily within the casing. Hence, the graphs shape should be linear and not the linear curve shape in graph 1. From this experiment, it was observed that at any increase in voltage supplied to the pump; there will be large amount of pressure increase from the flow outlet and vice versa. Pump Figure 4: Modified Vane Size Figure 5: Actual Vane Size 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review 3. CONTROLLER A controller is a device which monitors and influences the operational condition of a given dynamical system. In closed loop control system, a controller is used to compare the output of a system with the required condition and convert the error into a control action designed to reduce error. The error might be as a result of some changes in the conditions being controlled or because of changes in the set value. Most industrial controllers use electricity or pressurized fluid such as oil or air as power sources. Controllers may also be classified according to the kind of power employed in their operation, such as pneumatic controllers, hydraulic controllers, or electronic controllers. For this kind of controllers to be used for a particular task, it must be based on the nature of the plant and the operating conditions (Ogata, K., 1997)  [12]  . 3.1 P ONLY With proportional control the change in the controller output from the set point value is proportional to the error (Bolton, 1991)  [13]  . This means that the correction of the control element such as valve will receive signal which depends on the size of the correction required. Although, a system with a proportional control may have a steady state offset (or drop) in response to a constant reference input and may not be entirely capable of rejecting a constant disturbance (Mutambara, 1999). For higher order systems, large values of the proportional feedback gain will typically lead to instability. For most systems there is an upper limit on the proportional feedback gain in order to achieve a well damped stable response, and this limit may still have an unacceptable steady state error. Therefore, there is a limit on how much the errors can be reduced by using proportional feedback only. One of the ways to improve the steady state accuracy of the control system is to introduce integral control. Set point Error Process variable Amplifier Actuator signal Plant 3.2 P+I CONTROLLER The primary reason for integral control is to reduce or eliminate constant steady state errors within the plant or system. Several limitations of proportional control are resolved by integral control. The steady state response to this class of load disturbance is completely eliminated. Thus, as long as the system remains stable, the system output equals the desired output regardless of the value of KP and its dynamic response (Mutambara, 1999)  [14]  . If the designer wishes to increase the dynamic speed of response with large integral gain, then the response of the system becomes very oscillatory. Hence, in order to avoid this oscillatory behaviour of the system then both proportional and integral control should be used at the same time. Set point Error Process variable Amplifier Actuator signal 3.3 PID CONTROLLER Most industrial processes are controlled using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. The popularity of PID controllers can be attributed to their good performance in wide range of operating conditions and partly to their functional simplicity, which make it easy to operate (Dorf and Bishop, 2005)  [15]  . PID controllers are so effective that its controlling ability are standard in processing industries such as petroleum, refining, etc. In order to design a particular control loop system, the constants value of KP, KI and KD had to be adjusted to an acceptable performance. Increasing KP and KI tends to reduce system errors but may not be capable of also producing adequate stability, while increasing KD tends to improve stability. The combination of the three control components in this system yields complete control over the system dynamics. The proportional-integral-derivation (PID) controller provides both an acceptable degree of error reduction and an acceptable stability and damping. 4. METHODOLOGY 4.1 STEP-TEST EXPERIMENT The first part of the laboratory experiment involves determining the theoretical model at various level (h) of the water tank which include the prismatic bottom of the tank, the V shaped section and the top parallel sides of the tank. The water level in the tank was measured by a pressure sensor which was calibrated in the instrumentation laboratory prior to the experiment which showed that the pressure transducer produced a voltage signal proportional to the head. To start this experiment, the centrifugal pump was switched on and the Lab View step input programme was opened. The centrifugal pump was used to fill the water tank from a rectangular sump tank and also ensuring that there was enough water in the sump tank to perform the experiment. Although, the control valve was ensured to be fully open so that there would be continuous flow of water from the sump tank into the main tank as a result of constant running of the pump. After warming up the pump for some time, the pump bias was then set on the Lab View program to 1.3 volts (constantly) were the water is just about to start dropping into the tank. Using one second sampling time, the step volt was increased repeatedly by an additional 0.1 volts each time the head (h) settles from 0v 0.1v, 0.1v 0.2v, and so on. As a result of increases in voltage, the water level would be increased as well in the tank. Once the water level reached the top of the tank, in order to prevent the water from overflowing the step volt was reduced back to zero volt (0v) which allows the water to be empty back into the sump tank from the main tank and data or result was collected from the PC. 4.2 P ONLY EXPERIMENT In order to perform the P only experiment, the proportional gain has to be calculated to get the accurate value that would be input into the system. The proportional gain value can then be input into the LabVIEW package to run the experiment. The set point can be changed form one point to another to see how the plant would responds to the sudden changes to increase in set point The second part of the experiment entailed the design of the P only controller and P + I controller. As regards to the P only controller, once the values of the steady state gain and time constant were found from the initial step input experiment, the next step was to design a P only controller which will give closed loop dynamics 1/3 that of the open loop plant, which was then used to calculate the values of Kp at known head (h). Having calculated the Kp values, the pump was then switched on and allowed to warm up, also the Lab View P only controller programme was initiated. With the pump warmed up the Kp value was then entered into the P only controller programme alongside the same value for the pump bias and the sample time used in the previous experiment, i.e. 1.28 volts and 1 seconds respectively. The P only controller programme was allowed to run and the results for the sensor output (volts), the error (e) and the control effort were recorded and retrieved. 4.3 P+I EXPERIMENT Finally to control the level of water in the tank and eliminate the steady state error the Proportional Integral Controller experiment was initiated, the hf (design level to which the tank is to be controlled) was defined and further derivation resulted in two unknowns, Kp and TI. The values for Kp and TI were then calculated for, then input into the Proportional Integral Controller program and allowed to run with a sample time of 1 seconds. The results for the sensor output (volts), the error (e) and the controller output were recorded and retrieved. 5. RESULTS DISCUSSION ANALYSIS 5.1 SYSTEM TRANSFER FUNCTION AMPLIFIER WATER TANK SENSOR CONTROL VALVE PUMP PROPORTIONAL ONLY PROPORTIONAL PLUS INTEGRAL 5.2 SYSTEM MODELLING 5.3 SYSTEM PERFERMANCE 5.4. RESULT DISCUSSION Graph 1: Step-test experiment of voltage against time. Graph 2: Step-test experiment of voltage against time 6. CONCLUSION FUTURE WORK Filter design discussion: noise reducer 7. REFERENCES Bateson, R.N., 1999. Introduction to control system technology. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, London: Prentice-Hall. Bhuvaneswari, N.S. Uma, G. and Rangaswamy. T.R., 2008. Adaptive and optimal control of a non-linear process using intelligent controllers. Applied Soft Computing [e-journal] (9) pp.182-190. Available through: Science Direct database [Accessed 26 November 2010]. Dutton, K. Thompson, S. and Barraclough, B., 1997. The art of control engineering. Harlow; Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley. Girdhar, P. and Moniz, O., 2005. Practical centrifugal pumps: design, operation and maintenance. Oxford: Newnes. Golten, J. and Verwer, A., 1991. Control system design and simulation. London: McGraw-Hill. Healey, M., 1975. Principles of automatic control. 3rd ed. London: English Universities Press. Miller, R. Miller, M.R. and Oravetz, J., 2004. Audel Questions and Answers for Plumbers Examinations. USA: Wiley Publishing. Shinners, S. M., 1998. Modern control system theory and design, 2nd ed. Canada: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Wahren, U., 1997. Practical introduction to pumping technology: a basic guide to pumps. Houston: Gulf Pub. Co.

Police Supervision

POLICE SUPERVISION PSPOL – 212 CASE STUDIES IN POLICE SUPERVISION ELIZABETH DIAZ FALL 2012 POLICE SUPERVISION PSPOL – 212 POLICE SUPERVISION CASE STUDY (2A) ELIZABETH DIAZ 10/14/2012 BACKGROUND Police Officer Jacob Goulde is a member of the Town of Utopia Police Department. He’s a married father of two. Officer Goulde has had a very good track record in the nine years he’s worked for the Utopia Police Department, but recently he’s been observed making careless mistakes and his behavior is increasingly disturbing to his supervisor, Sergeant Wentworth.During the last four or five months, Office Goulde has been turning in his reports late and with many mistakes. He’s called off from work repeatedly, and shown up late to several of his tours, which is an unusual pattern for him. He’s missed an important squad meeting simply because he forgot about it. He’s also forgotten his radio on the roof of his patrol car, he drove off and the radio sustained damage that amounted to over six hundred dollars ($600). After being confronted by Sgt.Wentworth in a meeting between the two, Officer Goulde was evasive with his answers and confrontational toward his sergeant saying he was â€Å"probably coming down with a cold or something† as a way of explanation for his abnormal behavior. As a parting remark he said â€Å"get off my back† and left the meeting suddenly. After being assigned desk duty, Desk Sergeant Katz also observed odd behavior from Officer Goulde on his tour. He brought it up to Sergeant Wentworth who then asked Desk Sergeant Katz to put this in writing so that he can take a different course of action with Officer Gould.ISSUES Mainly the issues that surround this case are the fact that Sergeant Wentworth has observed all of this declining behavior from Office Jacob Goulde and has not immediately intervened to find out the cause of this extreme attitude shift. Sergeant Wentworth should not have ha d an unofficial meeting with his officer, but instead a more official gathering and offered support to the officer in order to figure out what is causing all of these serious mishaps.Desk Sergeant Katz is also suffering from the â€Å"passing the buck† syndrome. After Officer Goulde was assigned desk duty on his shift, Sgt. Katz should have taken more extreme measures after discovering Officer Goulde drinking from a suspicious looking bottle and later smelling alcohol on his breath. Even though Officer Goulde isn’t his immediate responsibility, in a police department everyone is responsible not only of solving the crime but of holding each other accountable for their errors.SOLUTION (S) A police officer is held accountable to the highest degree of the law, but a supervisor is held at an even higher standard because they’re in charge of overseeing their subordinates. Sgt. Wentworth has failed to approach the issue when it first started, therefore not being proact ive. Now, he’s stuck with this issue and isn’t exactly sure how to follow suit. He must remember that he is the one in command and the one that needs to set rules and guidelines for the subordinates to follow.Perhaps giving the officer desk duty to be observed closely wasn’t the best idea since he should have been the one to look more closely into this problem with his officer. Sergeant Wentworth should have made Officer Goulde go to mandatory counseling to help him with his problems, whatever they are. If he suffers from any sort of substance abuse or emotional distress, he would get the necessary help through the psych services offered by the department (EIU). Also, they have to set up a plan for the two to meet regularly and discuss the effects of the therapy and map out a route with a mutual goal.If this problem persists, Sergeant Wentworth has to take the written report by Desk Sergeant Katz and go through the appropriate channels for a formal hearing, that will somewhat force Officer Goulde to answer questions without allowing him any opportunity to walk out. He has already demonstrated that he has no regard for his Sergeant by being evasive and walking out. Sergeant Wentworth has to become a democratic leader in order to aid his subordinates with any problems they’re facing. POLICE SUPERVISION PSPOL – 212 POLICE SUPERVISION CASE STUDY (2B)ELIZABETH DIAZ 10/14/2012 BACKGROUND Sergeant Wentworth is a sergeant at the Town of Utopia Police Department. After graduating high school and attending at the University of Pleasant, he took the exam for the Utopia Police Department and scored number 3 which landed him a job in 1986. After his probation period ended, he was placed into one of the more productive squads. Sergeant Robert Hulett, who was known as an energetic workaholic, trained Wentworth. He scored number one on the entrance, sergeant and lieutenant examinations for the department.He was even better known for his abil ity to train and develop new officers. Wentworth was bright, quick to learn and had very high aspirations about becoming a great officer in this department and was grateful of being trained by Sergeant Hulett. Officer Shapiro has been an officer with the Utopia Police Department since 1971 and is assigned to Squad Z. He is known around the department for being a quiet individual who worked at his own steady pace. The work he turned in contained errors but generally it was done pretty accurately and mostly on time.Sometimes, Officer Shapiro’s slow manner of speaking and of working irritated his fellow officers and most of all Sergeant Wentworth, who needed him to respond a little more promptly to situations that needed attention. Officer Shapiro’s work attendance was fairly reliable though he never placed punctuality very high on his priority list. Shapiro’s absence last Monday however, caused a great deal of issues to his squad. Several officers had been sent to the Police Range for their firearms qualifications that left the squad short handed for road patrol.Shapiro didn’t call in until an hour after his shift was supposed to start, to say he wouldn’t make it in to work. Sergeant Wentworth had to cover his shift after speaking to Lieutenant Dunbar, who expressed his disappointment with Wentworth about his mismanaging his staff. Lt. Dunbar became even more infuriated when he learned that the tasks assigned to Sgt. Wentworth had not been completed. Sgt. Wentworth summoned Officer Shapiro to his office on Tuesday and advised him that this situation needs to be rectified or there would be a formal complaint filed against him. ISSUESSquad Z and Sergeant Wentworth are having serious issues with the work performance of Officer Shapiro and the issues that have risen because of his erratic work attendance. Officer Shapiro’s slow work demeanor presents a serious contrast between the fast pace work environment of his squad. Off icer Shapiro’s work attendance has caused serious issues not only for Squad Z but also for Sergeant Wentworth who was reprimanded by Lt. Dunbar. Sgt. Wentworth was forced to cover the shift of Officer Shapiro when most of the squad members were sent off for their firearms qualifications. Lt.Dunbar expressed his disappointment in Sgt. Wentworth for mismanaging his staff and not keeping proper track of the people he oversees. Although Officer Shapiro’s work is turned in and completed in a timely fashion, it still contains errors and he seems to be suffering from low work morale, which is why he seems unmotivated to be the best officer he can be. After discussing the possible repercussions of this continued behavior with Officer Shapiro he simply shrugged his shoulders and asked to be dismissed, a clear indication that he doesn’t care or isn’t intimidated by a threat of ormal complaints against him. SOLUTION (S) Sgt. Wentworth, as a supervisor has to have th e ability to be a decision-maker and set up strict guidelines for his staff to follow. Also, have the correct attitude to train his subordinates. A supervisor cannot criticize his subordinates, but instead needs to create an atmosphere where his officers will want to work efficiently. Sergeant Wentworth has to create a work environment where there is high morale and his officers feel productive and united, and demonstrate he is capable of patience with training the subordinates.As a supervisor, he has to recognize the necessity of training employees because they are the organization’s most important resource. Sergeant Wentworth should send officer Shapiro for a refresher-training course where his skills will be refreshed and reinforced, to ensure that he is performing to the best of his abilities. His skills play a very important role in the day-to-day smooth operations of his squad. Also, he should set up some time aside to review his work performance until he is satisfied t hey are up to department standards. POLICE SUPERVISION PSPOL – 212POLICE SUPERVISION CASE STUDY (3B) ELIZABETH DIAZ 10/14/2012 BACKGROUND As the squad supervisor for Squad Z, Sergeant Wentworth has been concerned with the poor performance of the squad’s officers and the recent drop in summonses and arrests. Sergeant Wentworth has been determined to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of his squad and as a result has decided to arrange a squad meeting and has placed it for the last day of the 8Ãâ€"4 tour of squad Z, to ensure that the whole squad will attend. This meeting is an open forum style to allow everyone to air his or her grievances.On the day of the meeting, Sgt. Wentworth opened the meeting by inviting everyone to voice their concerns about the reasons why there’s poor performance and lack of productivity coming from this squad. The first one to offer to speak was Officer Lockwood, who has always been someone hard to communicate with. According to Sgt. Wentworth she blames the supervisors for the lack of production from the squad. She went on to say that the faulty radar units purchased by the department are the reason for the decrease in summonses since they’re always in for repairs.She also expressed that it is the supervisor’s responsibility to provide their officers with working equipment. A remark by Officer Gardenia was very insensitive to Officer Lockwood, who left the room in tears and never returned. Next was Officer Griffin who has issues with several officers who do not clean out the squad cars, then called them â€Å"sloppy pigs†. Officers Goulde and Shapiro supported Griffin’s claims stating that maybe they’re dirty because supervisors fail to report them but they also took personal offense to Griffin’s name calling, which then set off several exchanges about sexism and passing the buck.Sgt. Wentworth who had been quietly observing these exchanges said, â€Å"This meeti ng was a mistake†. Officer McBride, who is usually quiet, spoke and said that the supervisors never really listen to their complaints. She also went on to say that in several occasions they’ve reported the faulty equipment, the conditions of the squad cars and that the morale on the squad has fallen dangerously low. Officer Griffin agrees with Officer McBride’s claims saying he believes the supervisors are only interested in productivity and not listening to what they have to say.Sgt. Wentworth promised that he would take seriously the claims he’s heard today. He then thanked Officer McBride for voicing her opinion and she stated that it’s only the tip of the iceberg and that there are other more serious things going on in this department than he realizes. She advised him to patrol the streets and check on what his officers are doing. ISSUES The main issues in this case study are the lack of productivity and decrease in arrests/summonses of Squad Z. There is an obvious underlying reason as to why this squad’s morale has taken a nosedive.Sergeant Wentworth’s demeanor during the squad meeting was unnerving. He should have never allowed Officer Gardenia to speak to Officer Lockwood in such a way. If his intention was to hear the issues of his officers then he should have never allowed these shouting matches to go on in his presence. Although Officer Griffin’s concerns were valid he shouldn’t have let him go at it with Officers Goulde and Shapiro. Lastly, he shouldn’t have said that the meeting was a mistake, that’s not reflective of a leader. He should’ve considered that the meeting wouldn’t just go smoothly.In fact, he should’ve prepared himself for several possible outcomes of the meeting, that’s what a true leader does. Clearly there are serious issues that aren’t being handled by supervisors in order to restore morale and productivity to this squad. Sergeant Wentworth should’ve have undermined Sergeant McBride by telling her she’d only been here a little while when she intended to give him further perspective about the real issues going on around the squad. Sgt. Wentworth needs to stop the buck here. SOLUTION (S) In order to solve the issues that plague Squad Z, Sgt.Wentworth needs to sit down and make a plan that will show goals he wants for the squad and a time frame in which they must be done by. He has to consider the claims made by his officers and take them seriously. This is the moment when he has to become a Democratic Leader and seek ideas from his subordinates to ensure that these problems are eradicated. Sergeant Wentworth has to lead by example and treat his subordinates as colleagues, as oppose to trying to exert his will over them. He should make it mandatory that his officers attend a team-building seminar to bring his quad together and help them communicate with each other better and therefore maki ng them better communicators toward their supervisors. Sergeant Wentworth seems to not take seriously the internal complaints of his officers, but this should be so. A supervisor’s job is to take serious and show importance to all complaints no matter how important or not they seem to him, because clearly it is important to his subordinate. Sergeant Wentworth needs to work on paying close attention to these complaints, as they seem to be the start of the bigger issues.POLICE SUPERVISION PSPOL – 212 POLICE SUPERVISION CASE STUDY (4B) ELIZABETH DIAZ 10/14/2012 BACKGROUND Sergeant Wentworth went out on patrol shortly after twelve midnight, when he observed two patrol cars parked side by side in an alleyway. After approaching the cars, he asked officer Shapiro and Ashford what they were doing outside their sectors. Officer Shapiro replied they were just talking about where they would meet up later in their shift, which is in clear violation of the regulations set forth by the Utopia Police Department.Sgt. Wentworth sent them both on their way. As he continued to patrol the town, he heard dispatch call patrol car 91 for several minutes. Without response, dispatch gave the call to patrol car 92, which was in a different sector. Sgt. Wentworth called headquarters and asked what was car 91’s last known location and went in search of it. He tried to locate car 91 and the officer but neither could be found. Officer Ashford, of car 92, told the Sergeant that some cars went on to Castle Avenue to sleep.

Essay Ine

A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[email  protected] com. hk A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS- â€Å"PEAE† FOR HKDSE/HKAL BY TOM LAW A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[email  protected] com. hk HKAL BAFS MARKS (25) NUMER OF POINTS MARKS (20) NUMER OF POINTS 8+8+9 3+3+3 8+12 3+4 10+15 4+4 20 7 12+13 4+4 25 8 A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[email  protected] com. hk EXAMPLE 1 Nowadays franchising is a common way to go into a business. From the perspective of a franchisee, discuss the major benefits and drawbacks of operating a coffee shop under franchise. (25) , (25) EXAMPLE 2 Explain the major characteristics of an effective control system (10) (10) A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[email  protected] com. hk EXAMPLE 3 Describe the different aspects to be considered in setting quality control standards for (i) companies in manufacturing industries a nd (ii) companies in service industries. (13) (i) (ii) (13) EXAMPLE 4 Illustrate with examples the measures that service business in Kong Kong might adopt to manage the quantity of (I) services demanded and (ii) services supplied. 12) , (i) (ii) (12) A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[email  protected] com. hk EXAMPLE 5 A jewelry company is considering the use of financial incentives and job enrichment to enhance the job performance of its (I) sales people (ii) jewelry designers Evaluate the effectiveness of using financial incentives to enhance the job performance of these two types of employees (12) (I) (ii) ? (12) A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[email  protected] com. k PEAE LIST/ ? P+E DISCUSS/ P+E+A ELABORATE/? ? P+E+A EXPLAIN/ P+E+A DESCRIBE/ P+E+A ILLUSTRATE WITH EXAMPLES/? P+E+A ANALYSE/ P+E+A+E EVALUATE/? ? P+E+A+E A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[emai l  protected] com. hk PEAE Point Elaboration Application Evaluation A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[email  protected]. com. hk PEAE P: E: + A: E: ( / ) A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[email  protected] com. hk PEAE LIST/ ? P+E DISCUSS/ P+E+A ELABORATE/? ? P+E+A EXPLAIN/ P+E+A DESCRIBE/ P+E+A ILLUSTRATE WITH EXAMPLES/? P+E+A ANALYSE/ P+E+A+E EVALUATE/? ? P+E+A+E A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[email  protected] com. hk EXAMPLE 5 A jewelry company is considering the use of financial incentives and job enrichment to enhance the job performance of its (I) sales people (ii) jewelry designers a) Evaluate the effectiveness of using financial incentives to enhance the job performance of these two types of employees (12) (I) (ii) a) (12) †¢ 12 marks= 4 points POINT More effective in enhancing the job performance of sales people / ELABORATION Sales performance is more measurable/ APPLICATION Higher sales figures imply better sales performance/ EVALUATION why not applicable to jewelry designers/ the idea of fashion, dignity or beauty is quite abstract and subjective. There are no standards or guidelines to tell exactly what it should be. A GRADE ESSAY SKILLS – â€Å"PEAE† BY TOM LAW Email:[email  protected] com. hk EXAMPLE 5 A jewelry company is considering the use of financial incentives and job enrichment to enhance the job performance of its (I) sales people (ii) jewelry designers a) Evaluate the effectiveness of using financial incentives to enhance the job performance of these two types of employees (12) (I) (ii) a) (12) The use of financial incentives are more effective in enhancing the job performance of sales people than jewelry designers.For sales people, sales performance is more measurable and therefore easier to link with financial incentives. For example, financial incentives can usually be performed by solely considering the sales figures. Higher sales figures imply better sales performance and financial incentives should be distributed to those who perform well. But for jewelry designers, the job of them is difficult to quantify and therefore difficult to link financial incentives with performance. For example, the idea of fashion, dignity or beauty is quite abstract and subjective. There are no standards or guidelines to tell exactly what should be.Even though the sales figure of the new design is optimistic, it may not be the result of the marvelous design but may be the hard work of salespersons. Numerical data can not fully show the value of work done by the designers. Thus, financial incentive is impractical. , , , , ?, ?, , , ,? , , SAMPLE ESSAY EMAIL: [email  protected] com. hk TOM LAW